MORE READING SOURCES
Anderson, Beverly J., Dr., and Ellen Scrivner, Dr. "Police Use of Force: The Essentials of Officer Aftercare." POLICE USE OF FORCE: THE ESSENTIALS OF OFFICER AFTERCARE (2005): 1-10. Web. 8 Nov. 2014
Beverly Anderson proposes that police officers should be provided prevention and early intervention strategies. Because it would ensure that they have the proper tools to cope with stress of police-involved shootings and other encounters. Police officers could start experiencing emotional, physical, behavioral, and cognitive signs that could possibly harm the public. She explains the studies the Department of Justice conducted, which examined the reactions of officers both during and after shooting incidents. The results showed that police officers become more paranoid and result to force quicker because of their previous encounters. Based off the results they concluded a list of suggestions the department should incorporate for their post-shooting procedures such as critical incident debriefing.
Fridell, Lorie. "Are We All Racial Profilers?" The Daily Beast. Newsweek/Daily Beast, 29 July 2009. Web. 09 Nov. 2014.
Lorie Fridell is an Associate Professor in the Department of Criminology. Her primary research area is police use of force. She argues that racially biased policing is not caused by “widespread racism in policing” but implicit or unconscious bias that affect what people perceive and do. She describes this behavior as a race-crime “blink response. She explains racial profiling could lead an officer to ignore the dangers posed by a white person. Fridell explains a comprehensive program and training that could allow officers to become more unaware of their subconscious biases and produce an effective change.
Malveaux, Julianne. "Not Just Police Brutality, Police Mentality." Dr. Julianne Malveaux. N.p., 25 Aug. 2014. Web. 09 Nov. 2014.
Julianne Malveaux states police officers have no consequences for their misconduct. She also argues the people of color are forced to obey the put or shut up form of police brutality. Police officers had a history of police brutality during the post-Reconstruction era until the end of the civil rights era. She proposes the solution to stop this mentality is for every officer to have a body and police vehicle camera and disprove the arrests of those who do not wear one. Malveaux believes electronic police supervision would protect people of color and ensure their rights are not violated
Meeks, Daryl. "Police Militarization in Urban Areas: The Obscure War Against the Underclass." The Black Scholar 35.4, ROSA PARKS and HAROLD CRUSE: Black Activists and Intellectuals (2006): 33-41.JSTOR. Web. 10 Nov. 2014.
Daryl Meeks argues that agencies become increasingly militarized in philosophy and practice. The noticeable outcome of the increase of militarization of policing has been the development of soldier’s mindsets by street level officers. The increase of militarization causes street level officers to adopt the view that inner-city urban environment is war zone. Citizens are most likely experienced to dangerous and unintended consequences during the course of normal encounters with police officers.
Pierce, H. Bruce. "Blacks and Law Enforcement: TOWARDS POLICE BRUTALITY REDUCTION." The Black Scholar 17.3, BLACKS AND THE LAW (1986): 49-54. JSTOR. Web. 10 Nov. 2014.
H. Bruce is the chair of African American studies department at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, CUNY in New York. He argues that the government allows police officers to have a unique type of power that no other occupation possesses. The government delegates them to use violence and force even deadly to apprehend a suspect. Bruce discusses statistical information through out his article involving police departments in the past and present.
Beverly Anderson proposes that police officers should be provided prevention and early intervention strategies. Because it would ensure that they have the proper tools to cope with stress of police-involved shootings and other encounters. Police officers could start experiencing emotional, physical, behavioral, and cognitive signs that could possibly harm the public. She explains the studies the Department of Justice conducted, which examined the reactions of officers both during and after shooting incidents. The results showed that police officers become more paranoid and result to force quicker because of their previous encounters. Based off the results they concluded a list of suggestions the department should incorporate for their post-shooting procedures such as critical incident debriefing.
Fridell, Lorie. "Are We All Racial Profilers?" The Daily Beast. Newsweek/Daily Beast, 29 July 2009. Web. 09 Nov. 2014.
Lorie Fridell is an Associate Professor in the Department of Criminology. Her primary research area is police use of force. She argues that racially biased policing is not caused by “widespread racism in policing” but implicit or unconscious bias that affect what people perceive and do. She describes this behavior as a race-crime “blink response. She explains racial profiling could lead an officer to ignore the dangers posed by a white person. Fridell explains a comprehensive program and training that could allow officers to become more unaware of their subconscious biases and produce an effective change.
Malveaux, Julianne. "Not Just Police Brutality, Police Mentality." Dr. Julianne Malveaux. N.p., 25 Aug. 2014. Web. 09 Nov. 2014.
Julianne Malveaux states police officers have no consequences for their misconduct. She also argues the people of color are forced to obey the put or shut up form of police brutality. Police officers had a history of police brutality during the post-Reconstruction era until the end of the civil rights era. She proposes the solution to stop this mentality is for every officer to have a body and police vehicle camera and disprove the arrests of those who do not wear one. Malveaux believes electronic police supervision would protect people of color and ensure their rights are not violated
Meeks, Daryl. "Police Militarization in Urban Areas: The Obscure War Against the Underclass." The Black Scholar 35.4, ROSA PARKS and HAROLD CRUSE: Black Activists and Intellectuals (2006): 33-41.JSTOR. Web. 10 Nov. 2014.
Daryl Meeks argues that agencies become increasingly militarized in philosophy and practice. The noticeable outcome of the increase of militarization of policing has been the development of soldier’s mindsets by street level officers. The increase of militarization causes street level officers to adopt the view that inner-city urban environment is war zone. Citizens are most likely experienced to dangerous and unintended consequences during the course of normal encounters with police officers.
Pierce, H. Bruce. "Blacks and Law Enforcement: TOWARDS POLICE BRUTALITY REDUCTION." The Black Scholar 17.3, BLACKS AND THE LAW (1986): 49-54. JSTOR. Web. 10 Nov. 2014.
H. Bruce is the chair of African American studies department at John Jay College of Criminal Justice, CUNY in New York. He argues that the government allows police officers to have a unique type of power that no other occupation possesses. The government delegates them to use violence and force even deadly to apprehend a suspect. Bruce discusses statistical information through out his article involving police departments in the past and present.